2. Personality -Trait Theories

Trait Theory - Raymond Catell

Raymond Cattell (1905–1998)  was another prominent personality theorist.  From his experience, Catell was able to mathematically examine personality traits.  Using a method of factor analysis, Catell narrowed the large list developed by Allport, to a more concise list of 16 personality factors.  

Cattell made a distinction between source and surface traits. Surface traits are very obvious and can be easily identified by other people, whereas source traits are less visible to other people and appear to underlie several different aspects of behavior. Cattell regarded source traits are more important in describing personality than surface traits.

Catell published this theory in 1949, which was later refined into what is known as the 16 PF  personality theory. Each of the 16 traits are applied to a person on a scale, some people being at either end of the scale.

Cattell's 16 traits
		Abstractedness Imaginative versus practical Apprehension Worried versus confident Dominance Forceful versus submissive Emotional Stability Calm versus high strung Liveliness Spontaneous versus restrained Openness to Change      Flexible versus attached to the familiar        Perfectionism Controlled versus undisciplined Privateness Discreet versus open Reasoning Abstract versus concrete Rule Consciousness Conforming versus non-conforming Self-Reliance Self-sufficient versus dependent Sensitivity Tender-hearted versus tough-minded. Social Boldness Uninhibited versus shy Tension Impatient versus relaxed Vigilance Suspicious versus trusting Warmth Outgoing versus reserved