Training Room 2

Introduction

The human body is an amazingly complex machine. Body parts interact with body systems to produce an organism that is capable of many functions.

In Training Room 2 you will study the following topics:

• Levels of Structural Organization
• Homeostasis
• Muscles of the Human Body
• How the Human Body Works to Create Movement

In Training Room 2 Project you will create one of three suggested 3-D models: either the muscular system, the levels of organization of the human body, or the interaction of body systems during a sustained activity. Remember to look at Training Room 2 Project now so that you know what will be expected of you before you work through Training Room 2.

Outcomes

Training Room 2 addresses the following outcome:

• Explain basic principles of anatomy, physiology, and disease related to systems of the human body
  • identify common prefixes and suffixes related to anatomy, physiology, pathology, and the terminology describing body systems
  • define the terms anatomy, physiology, pathology, and homeostasis, including anatomical directional terms and planes of division
  • identify all of the systems of the human body using medical terminology
  • outline the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole body, including identification of the role of cells, tissues, organs, and body cavities
  • explain the interrelationship between various body systems, including negative and positive feedback in maintaining homeostasis
  • define terms and concepts related to disease and treatment of disease
  • compare the methods of transmission for Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV
  • describe basic safety precautions for the prevention of communicable diseases; e.g., related to health care and community support workers, sports, travel

Focus

Keep these guiding questions in mind as you work through Training Room 2:

• How does the human body work?
• How do my muscles create movement?
• How does physical activity benefit my body?

Anatomy and Physiology

The two branches of science that will help you understand your body parts and functions are anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationships among structures—in this case, structures of the body. Physiology studies the function of body parts and how they work.

Anatomy and physiology cannot be studied in isolation from each other. Each part of the body is structurally designed to carry out certain functions. So, structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) are studied together.

For example, bones function as rigid supports for the body. Glands perform the function of manufacturing chemicals that stimulate the bones to build up minerals so they can remain strong. Other chemicals cause bones to lose minerals that are carried out in the blood to other parts of the body, where those minerals are used for activities such as muscle contraction and nervous activity.

Pathology is the scientific study of the nature of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences. Pathological anatomy is the study of structural changes related to disease.

Levels of Structural Organization

Explore Structural Levels of the Body, which introduces the levels of organization and systems (chemical, cellular, tissue, and organ) of the human body.

© alphaspirit/shutterstock

Body Systems

Work through Our Body Systems to learn about body systems and their basic functions.

Thinking About Body Systems

Play “Match-A-Body System” or one of the many other games in the Anatomy Arcade website. Note that the game you want will load after a 15-second advertisement to play another, unrelated game.

Homeostasis

One of the ways body systems work together is to maintain a constant environment no matter what is happening on the outside. Human bodies are faced with a constantly changing environment, on both the outside and the inside. Cells function best when conditions remain as consistent as possible.

Muscles of the Human Body

There are over 600 skeletal muscles in the human body. (Don’t worry—you don’t have to learn them all.) You probably already know the names of some of the major muscles because they are part of common terminology you hear every day.

How many muscles can you name right now? Do a quick scan of your body and your memory. Which muscles do you already know? You have probably heard of these muscles:

• biceps
• glutes (short for gluteals)
• quads (short for quadriceps)

Naming Muscles

Muscles are generally named according to certain characteristics. Work through “Naming Muscles” to learn some of these characteristics.

Muscles of the Body

Work through these two activities to locate and identify the muscles in the front and back of your body:

• Anterior View of Muscles
  
  

   

  
  iStockphoto/Thinkstock
  
  
  
• Posterior View of Muscles
  
  

   

  
  iStockphoto/Thinkstock
  
  

You won’t remember muscle names just by reading them once. One way to help remember the names of muscles is to think about which muscles you are using as you perform daily tasks.

Why Is Movement Important?

You’ve heard the message that movement is important for your health, but the message isn’t just about exercise. Human bodies need to move to live.

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  © 2012 Jupiterimages Corporation
  Movement of the skeletal muscles causes corresponding movement in internal organs, which helps the organs perform their functions.

• Movement of muscles exerts force on bones, which causes the bones to produce important minerals, such as calcium, to help keep bones strong.

• Lack of movement in bedridden patients can cause muscles to shrink. It can also cause bedsores due to lack of blood circulation.

• Muscles play an important role in maintaining body temperature by creating heat.

• The human body actually craves movement in order to aid processes such as immunity, digestion, circulation, detoxification, hormone regulation, pregnancy, and metabolism. 

How the Human Body Works to Create Movement

Muscular System

Watch “Muscular and Skeletal Systems” to learn about the human muscular system. Advance the timeline slider to the 12:00-minute mark of the video clip and watch from there to the end of the video.

Movement, of course, is much more complex. Have you heard the saying “It takes more muscles to frown than it does to smile”? Do you believe the statement? Answers to this puzzle vary. Exactly how many muscles does it take to frown versus to smile?

Landmarking

To describe the location of structures in the body and the direction of movement, a point of reference is used. This point of reference is called anatomical position. If you stand in front of a mirror with your hands at your sides and the palms of your hands facing the mirror, you are in anatomical position.

Planes in the Body

adapted from: © Steve Young/18171610/Fotolia

The structure of the body can also be described using planes—imaginary flat surfaces that run through the body and divide the body into sections. Planes are used to describe direction of movement.

• The sagittal, or median, plane runs vertically through the middle of the body, dividing it into right and left halves.
• The frontal, or coronal, plane runs vertically and divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.
• The horizontal, or transverse, plane runs horizontally and divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves.

Watch “Anatomical Planes and Spatial Relationships in the Human Body” and explore “Planes of the Body.”

Training Room 2 Summary

In this training room you explored the language and organization of the human body, the muscular system, and the benefits of moving.

You will use the information you gathered to create a model to teach classmates about body systems. Your model can be of the muscular system, the levels of organization of the human body, or how body systems interact during an activity that requires muscular movement. Move to the Training Room 2 Project to get started.

Real World

Knowing the human body and understanding how the human body works is important. Your knowledge and understanding will help you make important lifestyle decisions.

Directions

Step 1: Work through Training Room 2.

Step 2: Choose which model you will create, and create your model. Label your model with tabs that are removable for study.

Your project must be a physical model with removable labels so that it could be used to study the system you have chosen. You might use modelling clay, paper, or household objects that represent parts of each system. You might include a diagram, a worksheet, flash cards, a game, or a self-quiz. Be as creative as you like. This project is meant to help your classmates learn about the component you have chosen. Whatever your format, ensure your assignment provides the necessary information and references.

Step 3: Talk to your teacher about how you will present your model, whether it be through a submission (e.g., a slide show or a series of pictures that you send to your teacher) or through a live or recorded demonstration.

Step 4: Prepare your presentation and present your model to your classmates, teacher, or invited guests.

Step 5: Respond to the Formative Self-Assessment Reflection Questions. Save your responses in your project subfolder. Name the file “TRR2_Self_Reflections.”

Step 6: Submit your reflection to your teacher for assessment.