Unit 4 - Global Impacts
| Site: | MoodleHUB.ca š |
| Course: | Issues & Trends in Forestry [1cr] - AB Ed copy 1 |
| Book: | Unit 4 - Global Impacts |
| Printed by: | Guest user |
| Date: | Wednesday, 17 September 2025, 12:06 PM |
Information
- Unit 4, Global Impacts, is designed to take approximately 3 hours.
- You will complete the following tasks and assignments in this unit:
- Read all Unit 4 content and all associated videos, publications, etc.
- Complete 4.1 Quiz with a mark of 50% or higher
Learning Objectives
After completing this unit, you will be able to:- describe how society and cultures are impacting the recreational and commercial use of forests in Canada and around the world.
- describe how the economy is impacting the recreational and commercial use of forests in Canada and around the world.
- describe how the changing environment is impacting the recreational and commercial use of forests in Canada and around the world.
- infer the long-range effects of the sustainable use of forests in Canada and other parts of the world.
Introduction
Click on image to view the entire infographic enlarged.
Image Source: FAO 2015, Global Forest Resources Assessment
Image Source: FAO 2015, Global Forest Resources Assessment
The importance of forests is apparent now more than ever. To conserve native forests and practice sustainability, forest industries need to be efficient, economical, and aware of sustainable forestry practices. Canadians, as global citizens,
should be aware of the social, cultural, economic and environmental impact forests have on Canada and the world.
Social Use Impacts
In Unit 5, we will learn that there are many stakeholders involved in the forest industry, all of which need to be involved in forest management decisions. Globally, we are becoming more aware about the benefits of forests on our mental and
physical well-being. Urban planners are working to add more greenspace so that even those living in cities can access woodlands or green spaces without facing barriers. At the same time, global citizens are becoming more conscious of the
need to be informed and involved in forest conservation, planning, and health.
Image Source: Pixabay
Click each collapsible row to view more information.
Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia
Image Source: Pixabay
Image Source: Pixabay
In Unit 3, we learned that there are many benefits to having greenspaces in cities. Trees clean the air, provide shade to keep things cool, and can be used for recreation. We also learned that relaxing amongst trees, which is called forest bathing,
greatly reduces stress.
People can also use urban forests for spiritual ceremonies or for a sense of being part of the living environment. Celebrations and traditional ceremonies that attract big gatherings of people can be enhanced when delivered in an outdoor setting which promotes social inclusion of individuals from all spheres of life.
People can also use urban forests for spiritual ceremonies or for a sense of being part of the living environment. Celebrations and traditional ceremonies that attract big gatherings of people can be enhanced when delivered in an outdoor setting which promotes social inclusion of individuals from all spheres of life.
As people become more aware of the importance of trees to our personal and global health, more individuals, families, and community groups are looking for ways to become involved in a solution. Eco-volunteering is volunteering in a way
that helps the environment. Volunteers may plant trees, clean greenspaces, take care of wildlife, or help with research. For example, in eastern Canada the Budworm Tracker program tasks volunteers with helping scientists by collecting and reporting on-the-ground research about budworms collected in traps provided by the Healthy Forest Partnership.
Nationally and globally there are many programs like TreeCanada and LEAF that need volunteers to help plant trees or monitor insects or wildlife.
Nationally and globally there are many programs like TreeCanada and LEAF that need volunteers to help plant trees or monitor insects or wildlife.
Click on image to view the entire infographic enlarged.
Image Source: Infographic Journal. Fair Use.
Image Source: Infographic Journal. Fair Use.
With an increase in societal awareness of the negative impact of humans on the environment, there is more interest in having eco-friendlier lifestyles. In urban centers, this may bring an increased demand for better public transit or
walking and biking paths as people choose to decrease their carbon footprint. Those trying to make eco-friendlier choices that help forests may:
It is important to note that eco-friendly labels, both nationally and globally, have come under scrutiny for not actually protecting or conserving forests and ecosystems. Consumers are encouraged to not just accept the āgreenā logo, but to be informed about where these products are from and how they are harvested and made.
- Eat Less Meat: many areas used for grazing cattle could be reforested.
- Use Less Paper: the less paper you use, the less trees used, the less trees cut
- Recycle more: decreases production of new paper products
- Compost: Reduces landfill and makes soil
- Reduce Purchases: buying less reduces impact on environment
- Replace Disposables: replace disposables with
- Shop Smart: Look for, and research, eco-friendly, sustainable and fair/ethical products
- Use Less Water: removes less water from the natural environment
- Grow a garden: reduces carbon used to transport food is a use for compost
- Shopping locally: decreases the carbon footprint needed to transport products
It is important to note that eco-friendly labels, both nationally and globally, have come under scrutiny for not actually protecting or conserving forests and ecosystems. Consumers are encouraged to not just accept the āgreenā logo, but to be informed about where these products are from and how they are harvested and made.
Society is demanding more forest education as our knowledge of its global and individual benefits grow. Forest education may look like a forestry course, like the one you are working on right now, or may be something covered in your
biology class, or may start in even younger earlier grades, through in a forest program or forest school.
Forest programs are after school or summer programs based on the forest school model. Forest schools originated in Europe and are an internationally recognized approach to education for kindergarten aged children. Forest schools foster the natural curiosity of children while providing lots of exercise, instead of sitting quietly at a desk. More importantly, forest school students develop a personal appreciation for the forest and natural environment around them, especially when they're surrounded by trees, rocks, and wildlife.
In Denmark, about 10 percent of schools are forest schools. Currently there are almost 50 registered forest schools in Canada; when these schools are publicly funded, they must follow the provincial curriculum but, as often as possible, the outdoor environment is their classroom.
Forest programs are after school or summer programs based on the forest school model. Forest schools originated in Europe and are an internationally recognized approach to education for kindergarten aged children. Forest schools foster the natural curiosity of children while providing lots of exercise, instead of sitting quietly at a desk. More importantly, forest school students develop a personal appreciation for the forest and natural environment around them, especially when they're surrounded by trees, rocks, and wildlife.
In Denmark, about 10 percent of schools are forest schools. Currently there are almost 50 registered forest schools in Canada; when these schools are publicly funded, they must follow the provincial curriculum but, as often as possible, the outdoor environment is their classroom.
Forest Facts
Studies have shown that students enrolled in forest schools have better physical health, academic performance, and social development than children the same age in traditional kindergarten programs. Children who play outside together also have better social skills and critical thinking skills. Several studies have shown that learning and playing outside can alleviate ADHD Symptoms.
Forest Facts
Nature Deficit Disorder (NDD)
Nature Deficit Disorder was an idea developed by Richard Louv in his 2005 book Last Child in the Woods. NDD is caused by spending less time with nature which can lead to poor attention span or bad moods from lack of sunlight.
Nature Knowledge Deficit (NKD)
NKD is the idea that we do not know as much about the natural environment as we used to, including what is in it and even possibly where food comes from.
NKD is the idea that we do not know as much about the natural environment as we used to, including what is in it and even possibly where food comes from.
The frequency and size of forest fires are expected to rise with climate change. People living or working in wildland urban interfaces, rural communities or remote areas, many of which are Indigenous, are especially affected. Thousands
of people are evacuated each year as a result of forest fires.
The cost of fire management across Canada has risen from an average annual cost of $290 million in the early 1970s to more than $900 million in 2013, and over $1 billion in more recent years. With the number of fires and the area burned each year projected to increase due to climate change, these costs are expected to continue to rise.
The cost of fire management across Canada has risen from an average annual cost of $290 million in the early 1970s to more than $900 million in 2013, and over $1 billion in more recent years. With the number of fires and the area burned each year projected to increase due to climate change, these costs are expected to continue to rise.
Forest Fact
Wildland-urban interface refers to areas where homes are built near or within forests prone to fire.
Fire management includes a range of options, from putting fires out to letting them burn themselves out. Fire managers aim to balance fireās ecological benefits with the need to protect peopleās safety, property, timber and other forest resources and values. Residential areas, recreational sites, valuable commercial forests, rare habitats, and culturally significant areas are high priorities for fire suppression. In wilderness parks and remote forests where fires pose no threat to communities or infrastructure, fires are left to burn, although with careful monitoring to ensure safety.
According to The Nature Conservancy, of the major conservation ecoregions in the world
- 46 percent are fire dependent/influenced
- 36 percent are fire sensitive
- 18 percent are fire independent
This means that 82% of the protected ecoregions in the world are at risk of forest fire. The Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC) reports that 80 to 90% of wildland fires are caused by human activities.
These fires are started for clearing forest and woodland for agriculture, maintaining grasslands for livestock management, extraction of NWFPs, industrial development, resettlement, hunting, or accidentally. In Canada, between 2007 to 2017, 41 percent of fires were started accidentally, and globally, the majority of forest fires are set to clear land for agriculture.
Both national and global public awareness programs are working to educate communities on the impact of forest fires and fire prevention. Unfortunately, as noted previously, in developing countries there are many underlying causes to why forest fires are started.
In Canada, programs such as FireSmart provide advice, and much more, on how to protect homes and communities and prepare for forest fires.
Forest Facts
To reduce the risk of forest fire, homeowners can keep trees thinned and branches trimmed around homes and use fire-resistant materials for fences, decks and roofing. Communities can reduce fuels surrounding buildings by thinning forests, creating fire guards, and planting species that have moist leaves and low amounts of sap or resin.
Click on image to enlarge.
Courtesy of Natural Resources Canada
Courtesy of Natural Resources Canada
Cultural Impacts
We learned that, in general, society is becoming more aware of the importance of forests and is evolving in a way that makes conservation of forests a priority. Historically, forests have been a place for religious, social, and healing ceremonies as well as a source of medicine throughout the world. Luckily, many sacred natural sites, which are probably the oldest form of nature conservation, have been protected because of spiritual and cultural beliefs. Global organizations are working to ensure continued protection because they not only provide places to continue these traditional practices but are also untouched ecosystems for scientists to learn from.
Practices and knowledge, which were originally discouraged by colonists, have now gained acceptance, and are often embraced, by present-day society. This new openness to traditional beliefs is helping some Indigenous communities, who suffered during colonization, in the healing process.
Learning from Traditional Afforestation Customs
Many traditional practices not only protect the forest, but encourage the growth of the forest. For example, along the Oubangui River of Central Africa, it is a tradition to plant a tree for a newborn child. This tradition has recently been
adopted by the village of Piplantir in India, who expanded it so that 111 trees are planted for every girl born; 111 is a number which is culturally considered good luck in India. The adoption of this tradition has resulted in the successful
afforestation of their community and has helped fight against female discrimination.
Learning from Traditional Conservation Beliefs
Ancient monoliths in Mawphlang sacred grove
Image Source: Wikimedia CC
Image Source: Wikimedia CC
The sacred groves of Western Ghats in India and Bhutan and Church Forests of Ethiopia are examples of spiritual beliefs that have helped protect and conserve forests. India's indigenous people predominantly practice Hinduism, in which the Bhagavat Gita
preaches that nature conservation and nature worship are important moral obligations. Even today, Hindu households light a lamp in front of one of several sacred trees or a holy basil plant. Historical evidence, however, does not explain
how worshipping a few trees expanded into protecting entire forests. It may have been a strategy to stop British rulers from the widespread harvesting of India's primary forests. British rulers honored the indigenous community's belief
that some forests house the spirits of the local deities and left them untouched. Most sacred groves are still managed jointly by Hindu families or temple trusts.
Approximately 95% of northern Ethiopia has been cleared for agriculture, leading to drought and famine. Similarly to the above example, the Church Forests in Ethiopia developed as people converted to Christianity. The forest around the church has been preserved because church forests are community hubs and the residing priests are respected community leaders. Traditionally, it was believed that priests protect the human spirit as well as all of God's creatures; as a result, small swathes of primary forest (some over 1000 years old) were protected because of this important religious concept that has been carried through many generations.
These two examples show that forests can be protected when they are considered significant and valuable; not just for their value as lumber, but their importance to us culturally.
Regardless of your spiritual beliefs, much can be learned from traditional beliefs about living more harmoniously with our forests.
These two examples show that forests can be protected when they are considered significant and valuable; not just for their value as lumber, but their importance to us culturally.
Regardless of your spiritual beliefs, much can be learned from traditional beliefs about living more harmoniously with our forests.
Economic Impacts
Timber and non-timber products, recreation, and service-based industries are important, both nationally and internationally. Although Canada remains one of the worldās largest exporter of forest products, non-timber and value-added products will likely play an increasingly important economic role in the forest sector in Canada.
As the forest sectorās portfolio of bioproducts grows, and consumers expect quality eco-friendly products, Canada is expected to have a competitive edge in world markets.
Click each collapsible row to view more information.
Trees and forest plants have provided us with food for thousands of years. Old and new technologies are used to harvest and make traditional foods and make new ones, such as low-calorie sweeteners that can be sold.
Forest Facts
In February 2008, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Chiang Mai University organized a workshop called Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back to better understand the what people know about edible forest insects and what needs be done to improve better market them as a food source.
Forest Facts
In Khon Khaen Province of Thailand, 15 000 farmers are involved in the production of edible insects; these are processed and marketed commercially. Cricket-raising and production of bamboo worms have become major cottage industries in Thailand.
Foraged Food
Image Source: Pixabay
Traditional foods and medicines are becoming more mainstream and interest in buying foods and naturally sourced health products has recently spawned another major trend: foraged foods. Demand for forest greens, berries, mushrooms
and other fungi is boosting sales of non-timber forest products. Sweden has been doing this for hundreds of years and still does so today. In Sweden, foraged foods are a significant part of forest use and forest management. A
Canadian example can be found in the Abitibi-TeĢmiscamingue region of northern Ontario where three Algonquin First Nations have been researching the economic and market potential of a dozen non-timber forest products since 2015.
Market research results are promising, especially for food, aromatic, and natural health product sectors. The main customer bases are in Ontario, Quebec, the United States, and Europe. More field tests and market research are underway, and community members, including youth, are being trained as harvesters. The communities are also planning to build a processing plant and create a business for selling and distributing local products.
The benefits of this initiative are expected to go far beyond jobs and revenues. The harvesting of non-timber products will give younger community members the chance to gain important traditional knowledge from Elders.
Market research results are promising, especially for food, aromatic, and natural health product sectors. The main customer bases are in Ontario, Quebec, the United States, and Europe. More field tests and market research are underway, and community members, including youth, are being trained as harvesters. The communities are also planning to build a processing plant and create a business for selling and distributing local products.
The benefits of this initiative are expected to go far beyond jobs and revenues. The harvesting of non-timber products will give younger community members the chance to gain important traditional knowledge from Elders.
Traditional Foods
Forest Facts
In February 2008, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Chiang Mai University organized a workshop called Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back to better understand the what people know about edible forest insects and what needs be done to improve better market them as a food source.
Around the world, people eat some of the 1400 edible insects every day for nutrients. Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects, is reported in 23 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Insects as a source of protein
are good for forests because they need less water and land than grazing animals. Traditionally, edible insects are collected from the forest; but insect farms are now being established in countries such as Thailand. Researchers are
measuring the potential demand for insect-based food in North America. Insect farming, which can be carried out in urban areas, uses much less land, water, and feed, and produces far fewer greenhouse gases compared to meat production.
Forest Facts
In Khon Khaen Province of Thailand, 15 000 farmers are involved in the production of edible insects; these are processed and marketed commercially. Cricket-raising and production of bamboo worms have become major cottage industries in Thailand.
Image Source: Pexels
New
innovations are being developed as consumers and industry look to reduce
their impact on the environment and forests, specifically. Innovations
that reduce forest consumption are being sought after. An example of
this is the development of the Ugastove, an updated version of the traditional cookstove that will require half the amount of charcoal of traditional cookers.
The Canadian government is encouraging research into and construction using wood through the Green Construction Through Wood (GCWood) program, which provides funding for wood-intensive projects or those using innovative wood products and systems. We already know that wood is a renewable resource that stores carbon; having the ability to do more with it is considered eco-friendly.
One goal is to create stronger more durable wood products to replace carbon-intensive concrete and steel. In fact, innovation and advancement in materials made from wood are used in the construction of mid-rise and tall buildings ā 6, 10, and even 18 storeys high.
Bamboo, once thought of as a āpoor manās timberā has become very popular thanks to new technologies and innovations.
Image Source: Cambridge University
Around the world, people use the simplest form of biomass, wood, as a source of energy and heat, and for daily cooking. Biomass will continue to be the most important source of energy for most people in developing countries until cheaper and more efficient
sources become available.
Since forests are a renewable resource, forests are now being looked to as a possible source of eco-friendly clothing, biodegradable plastics, and green chemicals. The global market potential for bioproducts is estimated to be over $100 billion. Canadaās well-established forest sector has the potential to thrive.
Many Canadian pulp mills are researching and considering expanding into biorefineries where residues from the pulp-making process can be used to make new bioproducts.
Since forests are a renewable resource, forests are now being looked to as a possible source of eco-friendly clothing, biodegradable plastics, and green chemicals. The global market potential for bioproducts is estimated to be over $100 billion. Canadaās well-established forest sector has the potential to thrive.
Many Canadian pulp mills are researching and considering expanding into biorefineries where residues from the pulp-making process can be used to make new bioproducts.
- Biochemicals made from the sugar and lignin converted from wood chips are used to manufacture everyday products such as glues, cleaners, solvents and insulation foam.
- Biomaterials derived from wood fibre are used in many energy production and industrial manufacturing processes. For example:
- Cellulose nanocrystals are used to make paints, varnishes, LCD electronics, sensors and composites for planes and cars, and to act as carriers for medical drug therapies.
- Cellulose filaments are used in composites, packaging, and paper and plastic products.
Bioenergy research and technology will increase opportunities for forest companies to diversify into other forest products as consumers try to reduce their carbon footprint and find efficient ways to heat their homes and businesses. Improved wood energy
technologies, including pelletization, gasification, and cellulosic biofuel production all look promising.
Forest Companies in Canada are working to reduce their carbon footprint by implementing innovative technologies such as using more efficient equipment and bioenergy to run their mills. Canadian Forest Industries have cut their own carbon emissions by 44% since 2000.
An example can be seen in Revelstoke, BC. where the community worked together to create a biomass heating system that used wood waste created from the local cedar mill to run the sawmill itself and the community aquatic center, sports arena, and other community buildings. Results from projects like these can be possibly used to help create biomass energy systems.
In the past, wood chips from the production of lumber in Canadian sawmills have been shipped to pulp mills and OSB plants for the making of commercial products. In other countries, wood chips have had little commercial value. Chips and other wood residues can now be made into biofuels, potentially opening up new lucrative markets for forest products.
Wood Pellets
Global demand for wood pellets is increasing as consumers (especially in Europe and North America) search for alternative energy sources. At the moment, wood pellets are the worldās fastest growing source of bioenergy. Demand for wood pellets is expected
to increase in the coming years, which may have both positive and negative implications on forest resources depending on whether wood for pellets is sourced from sustainably managed forests.
Wood pellet production is also emerging in other countries such as Australia, China, New Zealand, Singapore and Thailand (where some pellets are being made from bamboo). The wood pellet market in Asia and the Pacific is currently small. Increasing investments in local pellet production facilities and in making pellet stoves affordable will boost the use of wood pellets.
Wood pellet production is also emerging in other countries such as Australia, China, New Zealand, Singapore and Thailand (where some pellets are being made from bamboo). The wood pellet market in Asia and the Pacific is currently small. Increasing investments in local pellet production facilities and in making pellet stoves affordable will boost the use of wood pellets.
Biomass Energy
Forest Companies in Canada are working to reduce their carbon footprint by implementing innovative technologies such as using more efficient equipment and bioenergy to run their mills. Canadian Forest Industries have cut their own carbon emissions by 44% since 2000.
An example can be seen in Revelstoke, BC. where the community worked together to create a biomass heating system that used wood waste created from the local cedar mill to run the sawmill itself and the community aquatic center, sports arena, and other community buildings. Results from projects like these can be possibly used to help create biomass energy systems.
Bioproducts
In the past, wood chips from the production of lumber in Canadian sawmills have been shipped to pulp mills and OSB plants for the making of commercial products. In other countries, wood chips have had little commercial value. Chips and other wood residues can now be made into biofuels, potentially opening up new lucrative markets for forest products.
- Biochar can be used to fix contaminated soils and to enhance soils on organic farms. Testing of biochar shows reductions in water and fertilizer use and in overall maintenance costs of treated areas.
- Biocoal is created by heating wood biomass, such as wood chips, without oxygen. Depending on the level of heat applied, different products result, ranging from carbon- neutral coal to water purifiers, gas and gold.
- Biomethanol can be used to make solvents, antifreeze, and fuel.
Forests attract millions of visitors each year. Canada has a strong tourism industry which generates over $70 billion dollars every year. Ecotourism is increasing in popularity around the world and currently makes up 5-7% of the overall tourism market.
Ecotourism is a form of travel which focuses on socially responsible travel, personal growth, and environmental sustainability, and is often connected to meaningful travel experiences where you pay to volunteer your time. Ecotourism,
and especially volunteer ecotourism, are the fastest growing areas of the tourism industry. There is a lot of potential for Canada to further develop ecotourism destinations.
Developing countries are also working to entice environmentally conscious travellers by providing opportunities to volunteer and experience nature and culture. For example, the Belize Mangrove Conservation Project allows volunteers to plant mangrove trees and help with research.
Developing countries are also working to entice environmentally conscious travellers by providing opportunities to volunteer and experience nature and culture. For example, the Belize Mangrove Conservation Project allows volunteers to plant mangrove trees and help with research.
A wide range of energy technologies are available and emerging as society tries to deal with issues like energy security, climate change, and human health. Adoption of these technologies will depend on affordability and supply.
Historically, Canadaās forest industry has been successful because of its large timber supply, ability to keep costs down, and the close U.S. market. To ensure economic stability, good trading relations with the U.S. must be maintained, and other markets need to be explored. Growth in the Chinese economy, which is expected to slow down, has meant that the market now accounts for 13% of Canadaās exports.
Over the last decade, the forest industry has seen a continued decline in the demand for paper and newsprint. However, there is an increased demand for packaging materials for shipping products in our global economy.
As noted in Unit 3, the certification, self-certification, and fair-trade product market is growing, and Canadian companies could continue to explore this market. Canada currently has 43% of certified forests worldwide and the Council of Forest Ministers ensures that certification standards are met.
Historically, Canadaās forest industry has been successful because of its large timber supply, ability to keep costs down, and the close U.S. market. To ensure economic stability, good trading relations with the U.S. must be maintained, and other markets need to be explored. Growth in the Chinese economy, which is expected to slow down, has meant that the market now accounts for 13% of Canadaās exports.
Over the last decade, the forest industry has seen a continued decline in the demand for paper and newsprint. However, there is an increased demand for packaging materials for shipping products in our global economy.
As noted in Unit 3, the certification, self-certification, and fair-trade product market is growing, and Canadian companies could continue to explore this market. Canada currently has 43% of certified forests worldwide and the Council of Forest Ministers ensures that certification standards are met.
Image Source: Government of Canada Trade Data Online (accessed: March 12, 2020)
Canadian products are competing on the global market with countries that can make the products much cheaper because of low labour costs, faster growing trees, and poor environmental practices. To stay competitive, Canada needs to keep costs low, explore alternative products and services, and market its forest practices of sustainability.
Environmental Impacts
We know that climate change will impact our forests and wildlife. Species may not be able to live or grow in areas that they have in the past. Some species may not survive these changes. Deforestation, illegal logging, as well as illegal hunting, will continue in developing countries unless programs and supports can be put in place to provide education and alternatives.
At the same time, as we work to counteract climate change, we are expected to see a push for global afforestation efforts. Many of these projects will be supported by research and knowledge gained through decades of research and sustainable forest practices in Canada.
Canada itself will work to harvest trees even more efficiently with new and emerging technology.
At the same time, as we work to counteract climate change, we are expected to see a push for global afforestation efforts. Many of these projects will be supported by research and knowledge gained through decades of research and sustainable forest practices in Canada.
Canada itself will work to harvest trees even more efficiently with new and emerging technology.
Long Range Impacts
Historically, forests were only seen for the value they had as timber. In many countries, like Canada, forests are now also seen as valuable as a carbon sink, places for people to go and animals to live. In fact, the country of Bhutan has provided an example of where countries are no longer measured globally on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) performance, but on their happiness. Gross National Happiness (GNH) is a measure of the spiritual, physical, social, and environmental health of its citizens and natural environment. This approach, which the UN has adopted, encourages countries to consider a more holistic approach to development and what is considered a healthy economy.
Forests everywhere are undergoing transformations due to climate change. Canada is working hard to ensure that forests are sustainable, and biodiversity is maintained by using traditional and new knowledge, and making conservation and sustainability a priority. Canada continues to improve its sustainability and conservation efforts, and while our forests may look different in the future, they will remain an integral part of our landscape and culture.
4.1 Quiz
Global Impacts
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4.1 Quiz