Lesson Three: The Soviet Union Under Stalin

Duration: 2 blocks (80 mins each + homework)

Between 1925 and 1953, Stalin was the totalitarian ruler of the Soviet Union. He was ruthless in his attempt to make the Soviet Union into an industrial fortress and extremely nationalistic state. Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian society where all aspects of the people's lives were controlled by the state.

Stalin offered Russians "socialism in one country" rather than the worldwide revolution promoted by Marx and Lenin. To Stalin, socialism in one country meant building the USSR into an industrial giant.

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

Nationalization of Most of the Means of Production

Under the leadership of the great Stalin
 - forward to communism!

All natural resources and large-scale heavy 
industries and stores were nationalized. Heavy 
industries such as mines, oil production, steel 
production, heavy machinery, forestry mills, railroads,
 and factories of all kinds belonged to "the people", 
which really meant Stalin's government. No individual
 businessman could own large scale industries. The 
government controlled them and appointed managers 
to run them. No one could make a private profit from 
the nation's resources, and it was illegal to hire workers
 privately. However, small businesses such as shoe
 repair were allowed as long as they did not employ 
workers other than the owner.

Rapid Industrialization

Let's make Soviet industrial power stronger!

Compared to much of the industrialized world, the Soviet Union was industrially backward with most of its economy based on agriculture. Therefore, rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union was high on Stalin's economic agenda. In the first five-year plan from 1928 to 1932, almost all Soviet investment went into heavy industry. Stalin saw heavy industry as the key to industrial power.

Thus, Stalin believed that before factories could produce goods, the factories had to be built, equipped, and powered. Therefore, primary emphasis was placed on energy supplies, construction materials, and machine tools. Each of the heavy industries of coal, iron, steel, and oil had extremely high production targets set for them. Production increased, many new factories were built, and targets were achieved ahead of time. Future five-year plans continued to emphasize heavy industry at the expense of individual consumer goods.

Plans of the Party - My Plans!

The goal of Stalin's economic five-year plans was to expand industry and collectivize agriculture. The whole economy was to be run like one big company with Stalin at the head. Production goals were determined and quotas (a certain predetermined amount) were set. Then, Gosplan, the central government planning agency, planned for the production of every item. Gosplan collected information from other government agencies and coordinated all the decision-making. Gosplan's job was to ensure a continuous supply of raw materials and to keep paths of distribution efficient. Under Stalin, production targets were often unreasonable and nearly impossible to meet. But through the use of force, progress was made.

 

Collectivization of Agriculture

We will get a rich harvest from the soil!

Privately-owned farms were collectivized by the government and combined to form large state-owned farms. Ninety-seven percent of the farmland became government owned. Small private plots (perhaps an acre each) made up the other 3%. Farm workers in the Soviet Union worked on immense government-owned farms with from 500 to 700 workers each.

In 1929, when Stalin declared that all farms were to be collectivized, the kulaks (private farmers) in Ukraine rebelled by poisoning their wells, killing their livestock, and destroying their crops. Stalin reacted with ruthless force. As many as five million kulaks who resisted collectivization were either executed or sent to prison camps in remote Siberia. Millions more starved from the famine that resulted, and recovery of Soviet agriculture took many years.