The excretory system can experience many different problems. Urinary tract infections can be painful but are easily treated with antibiotics. Kidney stones are formed by the crystallization of excess calcium in the urine. These can be painful
to excrete and may cause damage to the kidney.
Kidneys can also be damaged by kidney infections, high blood pressure, diabetes, or blunt force trauma to the lower back where the kidneys are located. Arteriosclerosis can reduce blood flow to the kidneys, and tubules can become blocked.
Irreversible damage to the kidneys may require a person to undergo dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Often, the first symptom of a kidney disorder or infection is the amount of urine or the changing characteristics of urine.