Lessonn 1.2.5

1.2.5 page 5

Watch and Listen

 

You can view the following video, make notes on the same concepts and file your notes in your course folder.

Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus

Urinalysis

Blood Glucose Monitoring

Research Approaches for Diabetes

 

Try This

 

TR 3. 

 

Apply what you have learned about diabetes mellitus by completing the questions in this exercise. Check your answers and file your work. Consult your instructor for clarification of any concepts.

  1. Complete the following chart that illustrates normal blood glucose regulation through negative feedback.

  2. Complete the following table by comparing Type 1 diabetes with Type 2 diabetes.

    A Comparison of Type 1 Diabetes with Type 2 Diabetes


    FeatureType 1 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes
    Cause    
    Onset    
    Age of Onset    
    Predisposition    
    Insulin Production    
    Immediate Symptoms    
    Long Term Effects    
    Treatment    
  3. FMEN 1 wreaks havoc with the levels of Emily’s pancreatic hormones. Rather than being hyperglycemic, she is hypoglycemic. Tiny islet cell tumors affect the beta cells and cause an over-secretion of insulin.

    1. Differentiate between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
    2. Describe what happens to the blood glucose level when there is an over-secretion of insulin.
    3. Outline how a person, such as Emily, reacts to hypoglycemia.
    4. Explain what other hormone may also be over-secreted as the pancreas tries to deal with the low blood glucose levels.
    5. What can Emily do to alleviate the symptoms quickly?

Use the following graph to answer the next question.

 

 


    1. What occurred at Point X?
    2. Identify the endocrine secretion represented by A.
    3. What happened at Point Y?
    4. Identify the endocrine secretion represented by B.

 

Check your work.
Self-Check Answers

 

  1. The completed flowchart representing normal regulation of blood glucose through negative feedback should resemble the following.

  2. The table comparing Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes should resemble the following.

    A Comparison of Type 1 Diabetes with Type 2 Diabetes


    FeatureType 1 DiabetesType 2 Diabetes
    Cause Autoimmune disease where antibodies destroy beta cells in pancreas and little or no insulin is produced Receptors on target cells do not respond to the insulin produced; insulin resistance develops
    Onset Rapid Gradual
    Age of Onset Childhood Adulthood, although more cases in young people recently
    Predisposition None Known Obesity increases risk of development significantly
    Insulin Production Very little or none Insulin produced but ineffective
    Immediate Symptoms Fatigue/low energy, glucose in urine, increased volume of urine, increased thirst, weight loss, smell of nail polish on breath Fatigue/low energy, glucose in urine, increased volume of urine, increased thirst, no smell of nail polish on breathe
    Long Term Effects Blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage, gangrene, increased risk of heart attack and stroke Blindness, kidney failure, nerve damage, gangrene, increased risk of heart attack and stroke
    Treatment Insulin injections, islet transplantation Control diet, lose weight, increase exercise, drugs to decrease insulin resistance, and insulin injections
    1. Hyperglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels rise significantly over normal values and stay at an elevated level. This condition is usually caused by a lack of insulin. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels fall significantly below normal values and are not raised. This condition is caused by the over-secretion of insulin.
    2. When there is an over-secretion of insulin, cells are stimulated to take up large amounts of glucose and the liver and muscle cells are stimulated to convert large amounts of glucose to glycogen for storage.  Adipose (fat) cells are stimulated to convert glucose to fat. All actions significantly lower blood glucose levels below normal values.
    3. When a person, such as Emily, is hypoglycemic, he/she becomes anxious, nervous, develops trembling in his/her hands, and has a feeling of weakness. Insufficient glucose to the brain cells causes disorientation, which may progress to convulsions, coma, and possibly death.
    4. Through negative feedback, low blood glucose levels stimulate the alpha cells in the pancreas to secrete glucagon, which instructs cells to convert glycogen back to glucose as well as to convert non-carbohydrates such as fats and proteins to glucose.
       
    5. Emily can raise her blood glucose levels by eating something with a lot of glucose in it, or she can inject glucagon.
    1. At Point X the person ate something with sugar in it.
    2. A represents the secretion of insulin by the pancreas.
    3. At Point Y the person probably did some exercise.
    4. B represents the secretion of glucagon by the pancreas.