Unit 3

Transformations


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Part 3.2B corresponds to section 5.2, starting on page 238 of your Pre-Calculus 12 textbook.


Sinusoidal functions can be transformed in a manner similar to that of other functions. The vocabulary associated with sinusoidal transformations is slightly different than with other functions. Below is a list of transformation terminology and the related terms for sinusoidal function transformations.

Vertical stretch «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mo»§#8594;«/mo»«/mstyle»«/math» amplitude «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mrow»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»(«/mi»«mi»a«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»)«/mi»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math»

Horizontal stretch «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mo»§#8594;«/mo»«/mstyle»«/math» period «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mo»(«/mo»«mi»b«/mi»«mo»)«/mo»«/mstyle»«/math»

Horizontal translation «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mo»§#8594;«/mo»«/mstyle»«/math» phase shift «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»(«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»c«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨normal¨»)«/mi»«/mstyle»«/math»

Vertical translation «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mo»§#8594;«/mo»«/mstyle»«/math» vertical displacement «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mo»(«/mo»«mi»d«/mi»«mo»)«/mo»«/mstyle»«/math»

A radical function can be transformed using the equation «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mrow»«mi»y«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mi»a«/mi»«msqrt»«mi»b«/mi»«mfenced»«mrow»«mi»x«/mi»«mo»§#8722;«/mo»«mi»h«/mi»«/mrow»«/mfenced»«/msqrt»«mo»+«/mo»«mi»k«/mi»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math».

Sinusoidal functions can be transformed using the equations «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mrow»«mi»y«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mi»a«/mi»«mi»sin«/mi»«mfenced open=¨[¨ close=¨]¨»«mrow»«mi»b«/mi»«mfenced»«mrow»«mo»§#952;«/mo»«mo»§#8722;«/mo»«mi»c«/mi»«/mrow»«/mfenced»«/mrow»«/mfenced»«mo»+«/mo»«mi»d«/mi»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math» and «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mrow»«mi»y«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mi»a«/mi»«mi»cos«/mi»«mfenced open=¨[¨ close=¨]¨»«mrow»«mi»b«/mi»«mfenced»«mrow»«mo»§#952;«/mo»«mo»§#8722;«/mo»«mi»c«/mi»«/mrow»«/mfenced»«/mrow»«/mfenced»«mo»+«/mo»«mi»d«/mi»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math».

Vertical and Horizontal Translations

A sinusoidal function’s vertical translation is called its vertical displacement.

The sine function and the cosine function both have maximum values of «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mn»1«/mn»«/mstyle»«/math» and minimum values of «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mo»-«/mo»«mn»1«/mn»«/mstyle»«/math». If the vertical displacement (vertical translation) is up «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mn»2«/mn»«/mstyle»«/math» units, the maximum «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mi»y«/mi»«/mstyle»«/math»-value has mapped to «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mrow»«mi»y«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mn»1«/mn»«mo»+«/mo»«mn»2«/mn»«mo»=«/mo»«mn»3«/mn»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math» and the minimum «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mi»y«/mi»«/mstyle»«/math»-value «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mrow»«mo»=«/mo»«mo»§#8722;«/mo»«mn»1«/mn»«mo»+«/mo»«mn»2«/mn»«mo»=«/mo»«mn»1«/mn»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math». The midline of the original function is the «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mo»§#952;«/mo»«/mstyle»«/math»-axis. The midline of the translated function is halfway between the maximum and minimum «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mi»y«/mi»«/mstyle»«/math»-values.

Midline: «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mrow»«mi»d«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mfrac»«mrow»«mn»3«/mn»«mo»+«/mo»«mn»1«/mn»«/mrow»«mn»2«/mn»«/mfrac»«mo»=«/mo»«mn»2«/mn»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math»

The midline of the translated graph is at «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mrow»«mi»y«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mn»2«/mn»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math».

Determining the midline is the same as determining the average of the maximum and minimum «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mi»y«/mi»«/mstyle»«/math»-values.

Midline«math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mo»=«/mo»«mfrac»«mrow»«mi»max«/mi»«mo»§#160;«/mo»«mo»+«/mo»«mo»§#160;«/mo»«mi»min«/mi»«/mrow»«mn»2«/mn»«/mfrac»«/mstyle»«/math»

The maximum point can be used as a key point for mapping sinusoidal functions. However, the midline can also be very useful as there are clearly identifiable points of intersection between the midline and the «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mo»§#952;«/mo»«/mstyle»«/math»-axis for «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mrow»«mi»y«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mi»sin«/mi»«mo»§#952;«/mo»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math» and «math style=¨font-family:Verdana¨ xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨14px¨»«mrow»«mi»y«/mi»«mo»=«/mo»«mi»cos«/mi»«mo»§#952;«/mo»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math».