Unit B: Measurement

Why is a baker's dozen 13 instead of 12? In ancient times when food was scarce, it was a serious offence to shortchange customers. For example, in ancient Egypt, if a baker was found cheating a client, his ear would be nailed to the door of the bakery. In Babylon, if a loaf of bread was smaller than the agreed upon amount, the baker would have his hand chopped off. When measurement tools were not readily available, a baker would give 13 buns instead of 12 to avoid accidentally shortchanging a customer (and to avoid the strict penalties).

In the 21^st century, manufacturers have accurate measuring tools; however, it is practically impossible to produce exact measurements. How do companies ensure that consumers are receiving the correct amount indicated on the label?