Beothuk

Beothuk originated from the language spoken by a Dorset group that migrated onto Newfoundland. These migrants occupied the region long enough to develop their own unique language.

The Beothuk were a hunting, fishing, and gathering culture. They lived a nomadic existence travelling between coastal and interior camps. The Innu of Labrador and the Beothuk traded lithic materials, a stone from which tools were made, and maybe even marriage partners.

The annual caribou hunt brought Beothuk bands together in a communal effort. This event was also a social gathering where competitive adult games and gambling were part of the festivities. The bands also engaged in music and dance, and they used the time re-establish social bonds.

Beothuks adorned themselves with red ochre. The red paint acted as an insect repellent, had religious significance and was also a cosmetic. Ochre was also used as a decoration for household goods and clothing. Beothuks wore a mantle and moccasins, which were made of caribou hide and fur, and leggings, mittens, and arm-coverings in the winter season.

Evidence of Palaeo-Eskimo burials has only been found in Newfoundland where human remains have been located in the crevices of limestone cliffs. Great care was involved in preparing the individual for burial. In the Beothuk burial ceremony, red ochre was used, and the deceased and his or her belongings were painted with the red paint. The deceased was then wrapped in birch bark or animal hides. In the grave the deceased was laid out in full length or propped up in a sitting position. Grave goods, such as tools and household items, have also been found at burial sites. Slate spears were commonly found as well as manufactured shells, animal teeth, and bird parts.