Module 4 Fertilization to Birth
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Module Summary and Assessment
Module Summary
From the moment of fertilization through to embryonic and fetal development, an amazing array of transformation occurs in a prenatal organism. The speed at which the changes take place, taking us from a single celled organism to a multi-cellular organism that is capable of surviving on its own, is truly incredible. Once fertilization takes place, the development of the embryo begins. Different layers begin to form, with each of these layers giving rise to more specialized types of tissues and functions. Various membranes support the embryo and help form the placenta, which nourishes and supports the fetus.
The development and sustainment of the offspring in utero is controlled by hormones produced by various supporting structures. Once all the major organs and systems are in place, a tremendous amount of growth and maturation of the systems happens. During any time of prenatal development, genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors can affect the developing offspring. However, it is the first three months of development that are the most critical.
Hormones bring on the birthing process, resulting in the forceful uterine contractions that expel the fetus and placenta. Once birth has occurred hormones trigger lactation, or the delivery of the milk from the mammary glands.
A myriad of technologies have been developed to control human sexual reproduction. There are technologies that can enhance or reduce reproduction potential, monitor development, and assist in the birthing process. Whatever the use of reproductive technology, it brings with it much controversy on social and ethical issues.
Module & Unit Assessment
You should have completed the following assignments.
You can now also complete the following quiz and exam. The quiz is optional and can be used to help you review what you've learned in this module.