Unit B Lesson 2: The Properties of Matter
Completion requirements
Unit B Lesson 2: The Properties of Matter
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Learning Targets |
Big Question: What are the properties of matter?
The many types of matter have different properties, and behave in different ways, when compared to other types of matter.
The many types of matter have different properties, and behave in different ways, when compared to other types of matter.
At the end of this inquiry, you should be able to answer the following questions:
- How does temperature affect the speed of particles?
- Which direction does heat flow in an endothermic reaction?
-
Which direction does heat flow in an exothermic reaction?
- Name five physical properties.
- What is the difference between an element and a compound?
- What is the difference between a homogenous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture?
- What is a colloid?
Pages 97 to 99 and 102 to 104 in your text will help you answer these questions about the properties of matter.
Introduction
What is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. In this lesson, you will be learning about the changes in state of matter as well as its physical and chemical properties.
All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms, which behave differently depending on the temperature and pressure of their environment. Matter exists in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas. The state of the substance is dependent on the temperature.
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. In this lesson, you will be learning about the changes in state of matter as well as its physical and chemical properties.
All matter is made of tiny particles called atoms, which behave differently depending on the temperature and pressure of their environment. Matter exists in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas. The state of the substance is dependent on the temperature.
Watch
Watch the video "What's Matter?" to learn about matter.
Interactive
In Grades 7 and 8, you were introduced to the three states of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The amount of energy in the atoms, and the distance between the atoms in a substance are what determine which state it is in.
Click here to re-watch the BrainPOP video called "The States of Matter" to remind yourself about these concepts. You can also try some of the interactive activities on this web page.
You will need a username and password to access the video:
Click here to re-watch the BrainPOP video called "The States of Matter" to remind yourself about these concepts. You can also try some of the interactive activities on this web page.
You will need a username and password to access the video:
- Username: 0099
- Password: students
Check Your Understanding
The States of Matter
-
Complete the BrainPOP quiz on States of Matter. Select the "classic" quiz option. Remember to check your answers at the end.
Click here to go to the BrainPOP quiz.
-
Complete the States of Matter Activity on the BrainPOP website.
Click here to go to the BrainPOP activity page.
The Particle Theory
The particle theory of matter states that all matter consists of many, very small particles that are moving constantly.
The particle theory of matter states that all matter consists of many, very small particles that are moving constantly.
- Temperature affects the speed of the particles.
- The higher the temperature of the substance, the faster the particles will move.
Watch
To review all aspect of particle theory, please view the following Particle Model video.
Figure 1 - Phases changes (sometimes called 'changes of state'). The three phases (states) of matter shown here are solid, liquid, and gas.
Phases Changes and Changes of State
When matter absorbs energy the temperature of the matter increases, and when matter loses energy the temperature of the matter decreases. You can see this happen when you warm a pot of water on the stove, or place a pitcher of lemonade in the fridge.
However, at certain temperatures, matter undergoes a change in state when energy is gained or lost. These changes in state are called phase changes. Examples of phase chnages include melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, and deposition.
When matter absorbs energy the temperature of the matter increases, and when matter loses energy the temperature of the matter decreases. You can see this happen when you warm a pot of water on the stove, or place a pitcher of lemonade in the fridge.
However, at certain temperatures, matter undergoes a change in state when energy is gained or lost. These changes in state are called phase changes. Examples of phase chnages include melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, and deposition.
Read the second paragraph on page 97 that explains phase changes.
Watch
Watch this video on the Changes in States of Matter.
Try It!
Practice Worksheet: Endothermic or Exothermic
P
hase changes
can be
endothermic
or
exothermic. For this practice worksheet (download and instructions are below), you'll first view a video, then answer the worksheet questions. First, let's be very clear on the differences between endothermic and exothermic changes.
A phase change is endothermic when heat energy enters a substance In other words, the substance absorbs heat energy.
Examples of endothermic phase changes:
Examples of endothermic phase changes:
- melting
- evaporation
- sublimation
A phase change is exothermic when heat exits a substance. In other words, heat energy is released from a substance.
Examples of exothermic phase changes:
Examples of exothermic phase changes:
- freezing
- deposition
- condensation
Are Phase Changes Exothermic or Endothermic?
- DOWNLOAD this practice worksheet (S9_UB_S1_L2_exothermic_endothermic". If you prefer to use a Google
Drive or PDF version of the worksheet, click here.
-
Answer the questions on the worksheet as you watch the video (above) "Phase Changes: Exothermic or Endothermic?"
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When you are satisfied with your responses you can check your work by clicking on the "SUGGESTED ANSWERS" button below.
Wait! Don't view the suggested answers first. This practice work is not for marks, it is meant to help you check your understanding. Check the answers AFTER doing the questions! Keep the practice worksheet for study purposes. If you don't understand something, contact your teacher!
- Heat moves from the environment (surroundings) to the system (water, ice). In other words, heat is absorbed or enters the system (water, ice).
- Heat moves from the system to the surroundings. In other words, heat is released or exits the system (water, ice).
- Melting and evaporation (boiling).
- Condensing (condensation) and freezing.
The Classification of Matter
There are many, many different types of matter. The classification of matter uses simple categories to group matter with similar features together. The two simplest ways to classify matter are by using physical and chemical properties.
Physical Properties of Matter
Physical properties are characteristics used to describe the physical appearance and composition of substances.
Physical Properties of Matter
Physical properties are characteristics used to describe the physical appearance and composition of substances.
Read page 98 and 99 in Science in Action 9 (omit the "Quicklab") to learn more about the physical properties of matter.
Watch
Watch "Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter" video
and answer the questions 1-3.
Appearance, lustre, conductivity, malleability, ductility, density, boiling point, freezing point, phase (solid liquid gas), hardness.
Coiled ribbon, lustrous, silvery-white, conducts heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, freezing point 649°, solid.
Yellow, powdery, dull, brittle, non-conductive, non-ductile, density 2.07 g/cm3, boiling point 445°C, freezing point 113°C, solid.
Classification
of
Matter
The "Classification of Matter" diagram explains how matter is classified or grouped.
Watch
Watch the following videos which will help you better understand the classification of matter.
Pure Substances
An atom is a single unit of matter. A simplified illustration of an atom can be thought of as being like a ball, or sphere.
A molecule contains multiple atoms. There are many ways that atoms can combine to form molecules, like building blocks.
Figure 2 - An atom is a single unit of matter.
Figure 3 - A molecule is made up of several atoms bonded together.
Examples of Pure Substances:
-
An
element
contains atoms or molecules made of only one type of atom. All
elements
are listed on the periodic table.
- Examples of elements include carbon (C) , hydrogen (H), sodium (Na), and oxygen (O).
-
A
compound
is a molecule made of two or more types of atoms. Every compound follows the Law of Definite Composition: A compound is always formed from a fixed ratio of its elements.
- Examples of molecules of elements include oxygen (O2) and chlorine (Cl2)
- Examples of molecules of compounds include water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sodium chloride (NaCl)
- A pure substance is made of one type of matter. It may be an element or a compound. It has a constant composition. Nitrogen, helium, oxygen, and neon are elements whereas water and carbon dioxide are compounds. However, they are all examples of pure substances.
Mixtures
A mixture is made of two or more pure substances (compounds or elements). Table salt and water are both pure substances. When you mix the salt and water together to form salt water, the salt water is considered to be a mixture.
A mixture is made of two or more pure substances (compounds or elements). Table salt and water are both pure substances. When you mix the salt and water together to form salt water, the salt water is considered to be a mixture.
Read page 103 in Science in Action 9 for a discussion of the types of mixtures.
Homogenous Mixtures
- A
homogeneous
mixture is uniform throughout.
- Two or more pure substances are in the mixture, but you are unable to see the individual components.
- Milk is an example because you cannot see the suspended fat particles.
- Homogeneous means 'evenly mixed'.
Types of Homogeneous Mixtures
Solution
A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture.
One example of a solution is a dental filling. The solutes are tin, copper, and silver, and the solvent is mercury.
Another example is soda pop. Carbon dioxide and sugar are two of the solutes, and the solvent is water.
A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture.
- solution – a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
- solute – the substance that dissolves to form a solution
- solvent – the substance in which a solute dissolves
One example of a solution is a dental filling. The solutes are tin, copper, and silver, and the solvent is mercury.
Another example is soda pop. Carbon dioxide and sugar are two of the solutes, and the solvent is water.
Colloid
A colloid is cloudy, homogeneous mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are held within another.
A colloid is cloudy, homogeneous mixture in which tiny particles of one substance are held within another.
- These particles cannot be removed easily from the other substance.
- The particles are of a similar size.
Heterogenous Mixtures
- A
heterogeneous
mixture is made of two or more substances that are visible.
- Mixed nuts are an example.
- Heterogeneous means 'unevenly mixed'.
Types of Heterogenous Mixture
Suspension
Examples are orange juice, Italian salad dressing, and smog (large dust particles suspended in air).
- A suspension is a cloudy, heterogeneous mixture in which particles of one substance are held within another.
- The difference in sizes between particles in a suspension is greater than in a colloid.
-
These particles can be separated when the mixture is poured through filter paper.
Examples are orange juice, Italian salad dressing, and smog (large dust particles suspended in air).
Mechanical Mixture
Soil, mixed nuts, and concrete are also examples of mechanical mixtures.
- In a mechanical mixture , the various substances are visible.
-
In an omelette you can see the green onion, green peppers, and red peppers in the cooked egg, which indicates the omelette is a mechanical mixture.
Soil, mixed nuts, and concrete are also examples of mechanical mixtures.
Interactive
Compounds and Mixtures
-
Watch the BrainPOP video "Compounds and Mixtures" to ensure that you understand compounds and mixtures.
Click here to go to the BrainPOP website. You will need a username and password to access the video:
- Username: 0099
- Password: students
- Complete the BrainPOP quiz on Compounds and Mixtures. Select the “classic” quiz option. Remember to check your answers at the end! Click here to take the BrainPOP quiz.